If the child’s vaccination history is unclear and they have a wound as described, it is essential to immediately vaccinate the child with a tetanus vaccine and anti-tetanus serum. Any open wound or injury to the skin, such as burns from a car tire, falling from a car, stepping on a nail, or a thorn prick, can create an environment for tetanus bacteria to enter the body. Even a minor scratch can lead to tetanus infection. Proper wound treatment can slow down the process and reduce the entry of bacteria into the body, but it does not completely prevent infection. Delaying vaccination can decrease the effectiveness of disease prevention.
The vaccination schedule for tetanus depends on the child’s age and previous vaccination history. A child who has never received a tetanus vaccine will be given three doses. The first dose is administered at the first injection, the second dose is given one month after the first dose, and the third dose is given six months after the second dose. These doses are then repeated every 10 years to maintain immunity. The vaccine is up to 95% effective in preventing tetanus if given in full doses and on schedule.
In cases where a child steps on a spike and the wound is deep and bleeding, the doctor may recommend an additional injection of tetanus serum along with the scheduled vaccination. If the child has already been fully vaccinated against tetanus according to their age, they may only need a repeat dose of the vaccine when they have a large, dirty wound, without requiring the tetanus antitoxin serum injection.
Vietnam offers single or combined tetanus vaccines that can also protect against diphtheria, pertussis, tetanus, and polio.