Afghanistan has long been known as the leading producer of poppy, a plant used as the base for heroin distributed globally. According to the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime’s World Drug Report 2024, Afghanistan supplied heroin to Europe, Africa, and Canada, while Mexico and Colombia primarily supplied the Americas. However, with the Taliban regaining power in April 2022, the new Afghan government implemented a strict ban on poppy cultivation. This not only reduced the supply of illicit substances like heroin but also impacted the production of medical prescription opioids. As a result, potential opium production in Afghanistan decreased by 95 percent between 2022 and 2023, dropping to 333 tons.
In light of this significant change, Myanmar emerged as the country with the highest potential opium production in 2023, surpassing Mexico. Myanmar’s estimated production capabilities in this area more than doubled compared to 2021. Mexico, on the other hand, had a potential production of oven-dry opium of 166 in 2022, with estimates for the following year still pending. Laos and Colombia, while not specifically listed in the chart due to limited data availability, also contributed to global opium production in previous years.
Despite efforts to reduce opium production in Afghanistan, the country has historically been a major player in the cultivation of poppy, with estimated opium production levels rarely dipping below 2,500 tons between 1994 and 2022. While the decline in heroin production may seem positive in theory, many Afghan farmers depended heavily on their poppy fields for income. The resulting increase in heroin prices led to the emergence of new and potentially more dangerous substances like fentanyl.